Hybrid Pros and Cons Essay - 1729 Words

Hybrid Pros and Cons Abstract- Today’s environmental situation is continuing to spiral downwards; the ozone layer is receding, habitats being destroyed, and the air is being polluted. Scientists of every nation are researching ways to solve this problem. Due to automobiles sizeable contribution to the environmental crisis, studies are focusing on ways to reduce the harmful emissions caused by the internal combustion engines. Hybrid vehicles offer an alternative to powerful gas engines by providing the car with a secondary propulsion source powered by a strong battery. With this secondary power, car manufactures can reduce the size of the internal combustion engine, which accordingly reduces emissions and raises the vehicles miles†¦show more content†¦This idea was used by the Belgian car maker, Pieper, who created the 3.5 horsepower Voiturette. This is considered to be the first commercially available hybrid vehicle. Hybrid vehicles continued to show up in many different forms, but the price was too high for the consumer to catch on. It took about another fifty years for another hybrid vehicle to show up. Even then, it was too expensive for people to take hybrid vehicles seriously. This was until congress passed the â€Å"Clean Air Legislation†. General Motors took this new law and started looking into their own hybrid vehicles. Within ten years, they have created a two-cylinder hybrid that could travel up to forty miles per hour. This new concept sparked competition between foreign markets such as Volkswagen and Audi. These manufactures started to create their own hybrid vehicle such as Audi’s rear wheel electric propulsion combined with a front wheel gas propulsion vehicle in the late 1980’s. This competition later prompted the Clinton administration to create the new â€Å"Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles† also called the PNGV. The PNGV set their sights on an extremely low pollutant car that could produce an average 80 miles-per-gallon. As time went on it was clear that this vehicle would have to be an electric hybrid vehicle. So after theyShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Hybrid Cars1867 Words   |  8 PagesThe pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles: There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the consumers. With hybrids, there are three types whichRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Hybrid Cars Essays852 Words   |  4 Pagesto start being more efficient while using energy. One of these inventions is hybrid cars. Though hybrid cars are a known technology, not many people know exactly what they are all about. Since many people don’t know exactly what they’re about, they then really have no interest in purchasing one. Hybrid cars are very different from gasoline cars. Gasoline cars run purely off just gasoline which pollutes the air. A hybrid car can run off gasoline and work as an electric car. Using both of these systemsRead MoreNetflix: Flex to the Max1010 Words   |  5 Pagesso well in the past and how can Netflix gain a larger consumer base leading to market share. Vantage Points Consider globalization as a potential area to gain market share Reassess high labor costs Explore a hybrid model of media-based and electronic distribution Diagnosis Pro-Globalization Netflix can consider globalization as a potential approach of gaining market share. Currently, there are not many countries that have Netflix service. Since there is some competition in the industryRead MoreCase Study - Calpine624 Words   |  3 Pagesfinancing. The managers Kelly and Crabtree are discussing which one of the following funding strategies that would be optimal to reach Calpine’s growth strategy. The 3 options are project financing, corporate financing and a hybrid of the two. Each funding strategy has its pros and cons, which we will use to determine the best strategy. Project Finance In general project financing seems as a bad choice. Firstly, there is a size-limitation in the bank-loan market along with difficulties in finding sufficientRead MorePriua1542 Words   |  7 Pages(Exhibit A). It is recommended that Toyota continue to pursue the development and production of a hybrid fuel-efficient vehicle to be put in the market as early as 1997. Analysis: The automotive industry is facing new challenges regarding customers being more environmentally concerned and sensitive towards fluctuations in the prices of gas. This potential market segment would be interested in a hybrid powertrain such as the one being developed by Toyota. The company has a longstanding history ofRead MoreWeek 4 Workshop Questions Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesis purely Web based. Next, find the Web site of a competing company that is a hybrid (i.e., they have a traditional brick-and-mortar business plus a presence on the Web). ASOS vs Westfield (a) Explain the pros and cons of dealing with each type of company. An example of a company that is purely Web based would be ASOS and an example of a competing company that is a hybrid would be Westfield. One of the pros of ASOS being a click-only company is that they will have less overhead costsRead MoreThe Job Title Of Automotive Technician1408 Words   |  6 Pagesevery year newer technology is integrated with new vehicles. This can be a hassle almost every time, a great example of this issue is hybrid technology. If you re not familiar with what a hybrid vehicle is, it’s a vehicle that has electric and half gasoline. Now many technicians know their way around a gas engine like the back of their palm, but give them a hybrid and they ll be there a while. While with newer technology comes more knowledge to be learned there also is an increase in worker valueRead MoreNovo Nordisk Case Study: Mexican Experience from a Danish Firm: â€Å"Changing† Mexican Culture1666 Words   |  7 Pagesrules to achieve goals and provide the economic security and rewards that keep the employees motivated and loya to the company as they are used to. 2. What is the ‘right’ HR strategy for Novo Nordisk Mexico – hybrid or centralized? Why? Evaluate the different options (pros and cons). As we have mentioned before, due to the important differences between both cultures and all the factors around them, it would be more assertive if the company design a unique strategy that balances the main featuresRead MoreNovo Nordisk Case Study: Mexican Experience from a Danish Firm: â€Å"Changing† Mexican Culture1666 Words   |  7 Pagesrules to achieve goals and provide the economic security and rewards that keep the employees motivated and loya to the company as they are used to. 2. What is the ‘right’ HR strategy for Novo Nordisk Mexico – hybrid or centralized? Why? Evaluate the different options (pros and cons). As we have mentioned before, due to the important differences between both cultures and all the factors around them, it would be more assertive if the company design a unique strategy that balances the main featuresRead MoreHybrid Cars Vs. Conventional Cars869 Words   |  4 Pagestwo hybrids available in the world market. Due to gas prices increasing, people find this type of car as a solution to this problem. Now, there are 71 different models available in the North American Market alone (Duffer). Because of high consumer demand, the number of production keeps on increasing. Hybrids cars are fuel efficient, and they help the environment, but they are more expensive and operate differently than conventional cars. First of all, before addressing the facts about hybrid cars

Gay And Lesbian Rights Essay - 1340 Words

Gay And Lesbian Rights When I read the statement that said we shouldnt devote our efforts to promoting the rights of lesbians and gay men, since there are more important and urgent human rights issues that deserve our attentionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I was taken aback. As it stands now, nothing seems more important than bringing both equality, and general acceptance, to gay and lesbian people. Although their have been many mistakes made in the past regarding such human rights issues as slavery, race and gender rights, gay and lesbian rights should be pushed to the top of our list of priorities in that gays and lesbians are the people who appear to be facing the most discrimination and lack of ethical treatment†¦show more content†¦They are unable to live their lives based on how they believe other people are going to treat them once they find out that they dont live the same lifestyle as them. They believe they will be treated differently, harassed and be given an all-round heartless response simply base d on their sexual preference. What is even more disturbing is that in many cases this is what is happening: homophobia leads to, as Pharr depicts it, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ rejection of friends, threats of loss of employment, and threats upon (his) life; and I have witnessed far worse things happening to other lesbian and gay people: loss of children, beatings, rape, death.1 For this reason it is crucial that gay and lesbian rights be concentrated on as heavily as possible, even over all others forms of rights. Despite the continuing efforts that have been made on behalf of such organizations as GLAAD (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation), homosexual people continue to face prejudice every day of their lives. Just like everyone else living sexual lives, the topic of relationships and the role they play in their lives is an important one. The fact that such relationship-related factors like children, marriage and adoption are so easily taken away from gay and lesbian people is a m ajor problem that needs to be dealt with, although ideally it should be treated in the exact manner as it is towards heterosexual people (whoShow MoreRelatedGay and Lesbian Rights1617 Words   |  7 PagesToday’s Rights for Gays Lesbians Today’s Rights for Gays Lesbians The  state and federal laws for Gays and Lesbian are unfair and discriminatory. In today’s ever so changing world it’s hard to keep up with laws. Most of the laws are printed on a fine line, but the rights for homosexuals are blurred. With the topic being hot in the media it is hard to get the correct story. Two of the most important rights that get blurred are marriage and same sex adoption. Same sex marriageRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples1451 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Love Most people feel that Government rights should automatically be granted to U.S. citizens. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstandingRead MoreGay Rights, Gay, Lesbian, And Society1202 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past decades, being gay was something no one talked about. It was a subject that was very taboo and society didn’t accept. People saw it as a stage one goes through and something unnatural. Thanks to the media, more and more celebrities have come out of the closet over the years. Soon people became accepting of the gay community and their life style. Being openly gay, lesbian, transgender, or bisexual in the workforc e can lead to discrimination. Gay mirages are also frowned upon by societyRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesthe majority believe that they deserve the rights they are granted with the aid of the government. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their network and abides by means of the regulation must be afforded the rights of an American. however, no longer all residents are afforded same rights. gay and lesbians are continuously denied rights which are typically taken for granted through the common American. particularly, gay and lesbians couples are denied the proper to marry even supposingRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Parents2322 Words   |  10 Pagessame-sex families demanding their rights to have a family like every other citizen in the U.S. Some of the earliest oppositions to same-sex parenting argued that gay and lesbian parents could directly affect their children’s development of gender concept ions, potentially causing the child to be unsure about his or her gender identity and the traditional roles and activities that members of their gender engaged in. The fear was that the children of gay and lesbian parents would be put at a lifelongRead MoreLesbian Gay Bisexual And Transgender Rights899 Words   |  4 PagesWidens To Cover Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights The business world is an ever changing environment; there are new laws, regulations, and tax codes passed all the time that effect how we do business here in America and abroad. It is important that we keep abreast on those changing laws to protect our companies as well as the employees that work for us. The last few years have opened up many hot topics of debate when it comes to rights being extended to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, andRead MoreLegal Issues For Gay And Lesbian Adoption And Parental Rights1626 Words   |  7 PagesSelbrede, JD FROM: Faith Carter DATE: October 13, 2015 RE: Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption and Parental Rights Issue Although adoption can be difficult for any single person or married couple, adoption for the gay and lesbian population presents a unique set of challenges both societal and legal. Whether constitutional or not, special rules apply to same gay and lesbian adoption. Under current legislation, is same sex adoption fully legal and how do the laws on theRead MoreGay And Lesbian Women : The Civil Rights And Equality Movement2024 Words   |  9 Pagesrenowned Stonewall Incident marked the beginning of the civil rights and equality movement, for the gay and lesbian demographic in America. â€Å"On June 27th, 1969, patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a New York City bar popular with gays and lesbians responded to a police raid by throwing beer cans and bottles because they were angry at what they felt was unjustified police harassment† (Bardes et al. 170). Since the incident, gay men and lesbian women have formed various organizations to exert pressure onRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Le sbian Couples : The Union Between A Man And A Lady1802 Words   |  8 Pagesthat those over the age of fifty are the least supporters of gay and lesbian couples. The institution of marriage should also confer dignity to the partners. The millennia are slowly changing to accommodate various views. It does not seem practical for people to hold on to the past cultures and values that reduce the values and rights of other human beings. Did the world not eventually accept to appreciate women and accord them similar rights as men? Many critics apparently faced the decision and someRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Response to the Far Right Concerning Same-Sex Marriage1200 Words   |  5 Pages A Response to the Far Right Concerning Gay Marriage nbsp; Mr. Far Right has claimed that neither the Constitution nor the Bill of Rights mentions the right of homosexual couples to marry. I think that it would be safe to say that a homosexual couple who wishes to marry is seeking their own definition of happiness. Did Mr. Far Right conveniently skip over the part about life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that is the very spirit of both these documents? nbsp; Mankind are greater

Online Games Free Essays

The effect of Online Games to the academic performance of the Students.. . We will write a custom essay sample on Online Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now . it is a habit that many of us teenager get hooked up. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. College students studying general physics constituted the population of the study. Due to the organizational system of classes at the community college level where this research took place, random sampling was not used. Existing classes were randomly assigned as either the experimental group or the control group. There were 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The t test was conducted to compare the means of two independently sampled experimental and control groups. How to cite Online Games, Essay examples

Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product

Question: Discuss about the Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product. Answer: Introduction: Excessive alcohol consumption can be addictive and harmful to the consumers and the economy on general. It is therefore important that they are curbed to ensure that both the government is able to maximize on revenue while consumers are left with consumption levels that is healthy to growth and development both within themselves and the government as well. A sin tax is therefore imposed on alcohol to further discourage the high consumption rates. The demand for alcohol is inelastic which implies that consumers are bound to pay the bulk of the tax. According to Forgaty (2006), the addictive aspect of it means that the government tax will not deter consumers from taking alcohol and so an increment in the tax is only unconsciously felt by a consumer. Therefore, determining the actual bearer of the burden of tax imposed by the government demands in-depth analysis of the elasticity of demand and supply as shown below (Boffat et al, 2009). With regard to alcohol, the highest burden of tax falls on the side with the inelastic demand which in this case refers to the buyers or rather the consumers of alcohol. Inelasticity of demand alludes to the aspect of consumers not being responsive to the changes in price whereby the quantity demanded remains relatively high despite the introduction of a tax. The above situation indicates that demand is relatively inelastic than supply meaning consumers have to bear the burden of the tax increment according to Pettinger (2004). However, should the supply of alcohol be more inelastic than demand, then it would have indicated sellers paying most of the tax burden that has been imposed on the sin. As indicated by the inelastic demand, the government passes a tax to the consumer without much of a change in the equilibrium quantity. For instance, assuming that the government imposes a 10% increment on all brands of alcohol and the average brand of alcohol costs $15. However, before the tax imposition, an average of 56.8 million bottles of alcohol were consumed daily that stands at a total expenditure of $852 million (Nocco, Ottaviano Salto, 2014). After a 15% tax , the number of bottles consumed per day slightly drops to 54.2million on average and factoring all brands. The total expenditure on alcohol stands at $843million which basically implies that the consumers have to bear the burden that has been imposed because there is only a slight change in the average consumption rates. Inelastic demand comes sets this up (Ramstedt, 2012). In diagram A, the demand curve is given as elastic while the supply curve is inelastic which implies that consumers very much aware of any changes in the market with regard to the prices of alcohol. When the government increases taxation on the product, it immediately makes consumers conscious of this change such they will reduce their consumption. There is wedge between the price paid by consumers pp and that by producers pc. In other words, the total price paid by consumers is retained by the producers and paid to the government in form of taxes. In the second instance shown in diagram B, the demand curve is inelastic while the supply curve is elastic. Essentially, it means that consumers are not responsive to any changes in the price of alcohol. The tax incidence falls disproportionately on consumers as reflected by the different between the prices they pay pc and the equilibrium price pe. In this case, sellers receive a very small price before the tax but the difference is relati vely smaller than the change in the consumers price (Simshauser Whish-Wilson, 2017). In summary, the elasticity of supply curve coupled with inelastic demand curve means that consumers are unresponsive to changes in the price of alcohol which again indicates consumers paying the burden of the tax increase. Maximization of alcohol consumption in an economy is based on the notion that alcohol should be set at a level that is optimal for the society. The persistent and widespread abuse of alcohol in the society according to Stockwell Thomas (2013), means that the social cost is not all maximized as well. A simple demand and supply model prods that a minimum price above the equilibrium is likely to cause a surplus which actually projects an increase in supply while dwarfing the demand (Dunne et al, 2013). However, with alcohol, supply and demand being elastic it means that consumers are very much responsive to any subtle change in the price of the commodity. As a result, it means that the burden mostly lies on the sellers who can then extend it to the consumer through price discrimination. In essence, it leads to market saturation. Increasing excise taxes as opposed to minimum price on alcohol is vital when looked at from the public health perspective whereby, it may lead to a fraction of producers downgrading the quality of their products. This leads to a relatively low tax on some of the beverages despite the fact that alcohol content in it is high. However, the drawback to the Minimum price is that has the potential to increase revenue in most of its jurisdictions which then leads to inflation of the prices of its closely related commodities (Boffat et al, 2014). Furthermore, they will remain within the privately licensed alcohol retailers making the government to forego it altogether unless means of recouping it are advanced and implemented. On the other hand, there is an appeal created by the taxation because it leads to an increment in the revenue which is then collected by the government using its well-established mechanisms and hence ploughed back to the community. In essence, circulation of income is community based while the domination of individual interests on the other side of the spectrum only leads to loss of income that is meant to compensate people for paying the higher prices on alcohol. While the minimum price offers a greater reduction in the heavy consumption at a much lower cost to consumers, it is not inclusive to all the population but excise tax does by providing incentives for the improvement of the lives of people using their own taxes as aforementioned. Monopolistic competition exhibits a highly inelastic demand in the short run which implies that consumers are not sensitive to changes in price. As a result, firms are bound to make economical profits because they can adjust prices to maximize on revenues. The profit is therefore positive in the short run but in the long run, it starts approaching zero which alludes to an elastic demand whereby consumers are able to detect any changes in prices and either increase or reduce their consumption levels (Warren, Harding Lloyd, 2005). In this case, firms are tempted to increase prices with the belief that it will lead to an increase in the consumption levels. On the contrary, consumers react to such changes by reducing their consumption indicating a rather a responsive attitude to producer tactics to maximize on economic profit. In this case, the manufacturers price of the table will reduce in the long run because the inefficiencies in the market sets in which achievers neither of the productive value nor the allocative value. In essence, the profit maximizing level of production will lead to a net loss in both the producer and the consumer surplus (Thomas, 2012). Basically, what makes the table manufacturer to experience a reduction in the price of the table in the long run is that there is elasticity of demand. The price will move towards zero more so when there is any slight change in the price of a good. Furthermore, according to Klimex, Roberts Xu (2017), in the long run, in the long run, a monopolistic competitive market will produce goods in which the long run marginal cost (LRMC) curve makes an intersection with the marginal revenue (MR). However, the Long run average cost (LRAC) curve will indicate the least price that a good will be sold and in this case, a table. The price that the table is sold falls on the Average Revenue (AR) curve. This implies any fall back which eventually means heading to LRAC will break the firm farther. Oligopolistic markets have interdependence in their decision making. Situations that a firm decides for instance a massive advertising campaign, it will provoke the same course of action among its counterparts. Secondly, there are no barriers to entry and exit of firms in the market. Most of the time, firms have a lenient a meagre operational costs across the industry. It means that almost all of them lie within the same scale of operation with regard to profits and losses. However, in the long run some barriers will creep in because of the emergence of economies of scale whereby firms expand their scale of production much to the disadvantage of those wishing to enter the market. Lastly, they undertake massive advertising of their products. Firms are generally competitive because none of them exercises market dominance. So in order to increase sales, they have to spend heavily on advertising to capture the market. Australia has oligopolistic firms which can be identified based on the aforementioned characteristics. Oligopolistic markets in Australia includes Bridgestone, Hoyts, Dunlop, Coca Cola, Carlton United, Kellos Dulux among others. These firms sell quite similar products as indicated by Bridgestone and Dunlop which deal with car tyres. However, the fact that there are many of them means that they have heavily invested in adverting of their products to capture their market. Taking part in advertising as influenced by another firm also connotes to instances of group behavior as well as interdependence which is a key feature of oligopoly. Monopolistically structured market is characterized by the existence of restrictions to entry and exit of other firms in the industry. This is down to the fact that he enjoys massive profits which make them control inputs in the market (Nikaido, 2015). Other firms cannot dislodge it as a result making it difficult to penetrate the market. Secondly, it is basically a single seller coupled with many buyers who can take part in unhealthy competition such as price discrimination to scare of other firms and hence establish market dominance. He is also the price maker. Thirdly, a monopolistically structured market is precisely based on the absence of close substitutes in its products since all his units of commodities are similar (Dhalla Oliver, 2013). In Australia, the supermarket industry has seen a far entrenched monopoly in terms of Woolworths and to some extent Coles. These two firms although they have created another form of monopoly. They control 80% of the supermarket chains in th e country (Larder, Lyons Woolcock, 2014). Because of this, they enjoy super high profits which makes them untouchable. They then able to decide the prices of goods because others have to follow suit. A market duopoly results when a set of conditions are met. For instance, when two firms command a greater share of the market while the rest are basically operating on a very small budget. This makes the two establish more control by using tools such as price discrimination, patent rights among others. Generally lesser firms are then unable to catch up with these two elite firms. Mergers between two firms can also lead to duopoly. All firms may be in the same level of operation with regard to their assets, liabilities and capital and even the scope of their market. In other words, it could basically be a perfectly competitive market structure (Tyers, 2015). However, in order to control inputs in the market and generally in the economy, two firms decide to come together to strengthen their bargaining power in the allocation of resources in the market. This will then alienate the rest of the market and establish them as a monopoly. While this takes place, another group of firms may also break away to form a super alliance which will compete with the initial firm. In essence, there will be two big firms controlling the rest. Collusion is another ideal situation that leads to the creation of a duopoly. Two firms which may control closely related products decide to form a kind of partnership to enhance their control of their individual portfolios (Tanaka Sato, 2014). For example in 2012, Apple Company was accused of colluding with top publishers to control the e-book market by using its iBook store program. In the above diagram two firms, say Apple Company and one of the publishing firms are represented by Q1 and Q2 in which all of them have equal interest in the e-book business that they then produce at zero costs. Each firm sells its output in a straight line demand curve as indicated by maximum output 30 units. Each of these firms therefore acts on the assumption that its competitor will sell its own output to maximize profits. In this case, Apple and the publishers decide to produce half the output each as indicated by the isoprofit curve reaction of Q1 at 15 units while Q2 is also facing the same at 15 units. This means that collusion leads to half output production by the firms. Each of them reacts with regard to the inelasticity of demand. Once consumers are aware of this, it spells chaos for the firms involved. References Boffa J, Tilton E, Legge D, Genat B (2009)Reducing the harm from Alcohol, Tobacco and Obesity in Indigenous Communities: Key Approaches and ActionsReport prepared for the National Preventative Health Taskforce. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Dhalla, R., Oliver, C. (2013). Industry identity in an oligopolistic market and firms responses to institutional pressures.Organization Studies,34(12), 1803-1834. Dunne, T., Klimek, S. D., Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y. (2013). Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(3), 462-487. Fogarty, J. (2006).The nature and demand for alcohol: understanding elasticity.British Food Journal108: 316332 Klimek, S., Roberts, M., Xu, D. Y. (2017). Entry, Exit and the Determinants of Market Structure.Policy,6, 17. Larder, N., Lyons, K., Woolcock, G. (2014). Enacting food sovereignty: values and meanings in the act of domestic food production in urban Australia.Local Environment,19(1), 56-76. Nikaido, H. (2015).Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand. (PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Nocco, A., Ottaviano, G. I., Salto, M. (2014). Monopolistic competition and optimum product selection.The American Economic Review,104(5), 304-309. Pettinger, T. (2014). Examples of elasticity. Economics Help. Retrieved from: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7019/economics/examples-of-elasticity/ Ramstedt, M. (2010).How much alcohol do you buy? A comparison of self-reported alcohol purchases with actual sales.Addiction105: 649654 Satoh, A., Tanaka, Y. (2014). Relative profit maximization and equivalence of Cournot and Bertrand equilibriums in asymmetric duopoly. Vol 1: 819-827 Simshauser, P., Whish-Wilson, P. (2017). Price discrimination in Australia's retail electricity markets: An analysis of Victoria Southeast Queensland.Energy Economics,62, 92-103. Stockwell, T., Thomas, G. (2013).Is alcohol too cheap in the UK? The case for setting a Minimum Unit Price for alcoholInstitute of Alcohol Studies. London Thomas, G. (2012)Price Policies to Reduce Alcohol-Related Harm in CanadaAlcohol Price Policy Series, Report 3. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Ottawa. Tyers, R. (2015). Service Oligopolies and Australia's Economy?Wide Performance.Australian Economic Review,48(4), 333-356. Warren, N., Harding A., Lloyd, R. (2005)GST and the changing incidence of Australian Taxes: 199495 to 200102.J Tax Res31: 1144